Definition of the control model and perturbed models

All members make use of

• the GEM model as dynamical core
• a global horizontal computational grid of 400x200 points (0.9 degrees apart, i.e., about 100km at the equator)
• 28 levels of computation in the vertical.

Description of the physical parameterizations configurations used in the models

The control model

model number: 0

• Parameter for Gravity Wave Drag = 8.0e-6 m-1 (McFarlane, 1987)
• ISBA type of land surface processes (Noilhan & Planton, 1989)
• Sundqvist et al. (1989) type of condensation (consun)
• Kain & Fritsch (1993) convective scheme
• Shallow convection simulated (conres & ktrsnt_mg)
• Bougeault & Lacarrère (1989) mixing length formulation
• Turbulent vertical diffusion parameter (Beta) = 1.0
• These are the same schemes as those used by CMC's deterministic global model.

The 20 perturbed GEM models

All perturbed models use the energy back-scattering scheme (Shutts, 2005) and stochastic perturbations of the physical tendencies.

model number: 1

• Parameter for Gravity Wave Drag = 4.0e-6 m-1 , weak (McFarlane, 1987)
• ISBA type of land surface processes (Noilhan & Planton, 1989)
• Sundqvist et al. (1989) type of condensation (consun)
• Kain & Fritsch (1993) convective scheme
• Shallow convection simulated (conres & ktrsnt_mg)
• Bougeault & Lacarrère (1989) mixing length formulation
• Turbulent vertical diffusion parameter (Beta) = 1.0

model number: 2

• Parameter for Gravity Wave Drag = 1.2e-5 m-1, strong (McFarlane, 1987)
• ISBA type of land surface processes (Noilhan & Planton, 1989)
• Sundqvist et al. (1989) type of condensation (newsund)
• Kuo-type convective scheme (oldkuo, Geleyn, 1985)
• Shallow convection simulated (conres)
• Blackadar (1962) mixing length formulation
• Turbulent vertical diffusion parameter (Beta) = 0.85

model number: 3

• Parameter for Gravity Wave Drag weak = 4.0e-6 m-1, weak (McFarlane, 1987)
• Force-Restore type of land surface processes (Mailhot et al., 1987)
• Sundqvist et al. (1989) type of condensation (consun)
• Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert convective scheme
• Shallow convection simulated (conres)
• Bougeault & Lacarrère (1989) mixing length formulation
• Turbulent vertical diffusion parameter (Beta) = 0.85

model number: 4

• Parameter for Gravity Wave Drag = 1.2e-5 m-1, strong (McFarlane, 1987)
• Force-Restore type of land surface processes (Mailhot et al., 1987)
• Sundqvist et al. (1989) type of condensation (consun)
• Kuo-type convective scheme (kuosym, Wagneur 1991)
• Shallow convection simulated (turwet & ktrsnt_mg)
• Blackadar (1962) mixing length formulation
• Turbulent vertical diffusion parameter (Beta) = 1.0

model number: 5

• Parameter for Gravity Wave Drag = 4.0e-6 m-1 , weak (McFarlane, 1987)
• Force-Restore type of land surface processes (Mailhot et al., 1987)
• Sundqvist et al. (1989) type of condensation (newsund)
• Kuo-type convective scheme (oldkuo, Geleyn, 1985)
• Shallow convection simulated (conres)
• Bougeault & Lacarrère (1989) mixing length formulation
• Turbulent vertical diffusion parameter (Beta) = 1.0

model number: 6

• Parameter for Gravity Wave Drag = 1.2e-5 m-1, strong (McFarlane, 1987)
• Force-Restore type of land surface processes (Mailhot et al., 1987)
• Sundqvist et al. (1989) type of condensation (consun)
• Kain & Fritsch (1993) convective scheme
• Shallow convection simulated (conres & ktrsnt_mg)
• Blackadar (1962) mixing length formulation
• Turbulent vertical diffusion parameter (Beta) = 0.85

model number: 7

• Parameter for Gravity Wave Drag = 4.0e-6 m-1, weak (McFarlane, 1987)
• ISBA type of land surface processes (Noilhan & Planton , 1989)
• Sundqvist et al. (1989) type of condensation (consun)
• Kuo-type convective scheme (kuosym, Wagneur 1991)
• Shallow convection simulated (turwet & ktrsnt_mg)
• Bougeault & Lacarrère (1989) mixing length formulation
• Turbulent vertical diffusion parameter (Beta) = 0.85

model number: 8

• Parameter for Gravity Wave Drag = 1.2e-5 m-1 , strong (McFarlane, 1987)
• ISBA type of land surface processes (Noilhan & Planton, 1989)
• Sundqvist et al. (1989) type of condensation (consun)
• Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert convective scheme
• Shallow convection simulated (conres)
• Blackadar (1962) mixing length formulation
• Turbulent vertical diffusion parameter (Beta) = 1.0

model number: 9

• Parameter for Gravity Wave Drag = 4.0e-6 m-1, weak (McFarlane, 1987)
• ISBA type of land surface processes (Noilhan & Planton, 1989)
• Sundqvist et al. (1989) type of condensation (consun)
• Kain & Fritsch (1993) convective scheme
• Shallow convection simulated (conres & ktrsnt_mg)
• Blackadar (1962) mixing length formulation
• Turbulent vertical diffusion parameter (Beta) = 0.85

model number: 10

• Parameter for Gravity Wave Drag = 1.2e-5 m-1, strong (McFarlane, 1987)
• ISBA type of land surface processes (Noilhan & Planton, 1989)
• Sundqvist et al. (1989) type of condensation (newsund)
• Kuo-type convective scheme (oldkuo, Geleyn, 1985)
• Shallow convection simulated (conres)
• Bougeault & Lacarrère (1989) mixing length formulation
• Turbulent vertical diffusion parameter (Beta) = 1.0

model number: 11

• Parameter for Gravity Wave Drag = 4.0e-6 m-1, weak (McFarlane, 1987)
• Force-Restore type of land surface processes (Mailhot et al., 1987)
• Sundqvist et al. (1989) type of condensation (consun)
• Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert convective scheme (Moorthi & Suarez, 1992)
• Shallow convection simulated (conres)
• Blackadar (1962) mixing length formulation
• Turbulent vertical diffusion parameter (Beta) = 1.0

model number: 12

• Parameter for Gravity Wave Drag = 1.2e-5 m-1, strong (McFarlane, 1987)
• Force-Restore type of land surface processes (Mailhot et al., 1987)
• Sundqvist et al. (1989) type of condensation (consun)
• Kuo-type convective scheme (kuosym, Wagneur, 1991)
• Shallow convection simulated (turwet & ktrsnt_mg)
• Bougeault & Lacarrère (1989) mixing length formulation
• Turbulent vertical diffusion parameter (Beta) = 0.85

model number: 13

• Parameter for Gravity Wave Drag = 4.0e-6 m-1, weak (McFarlane, 1987)
• Force-Restore type of land surface processes (Mailhot et al., 1987)
• Sundqvist et al. (1989) type of condensation (newsund)
• Kuo-type convective scheme (oldkuo, Geleyn, 1985)
• Shallow convection simulated (conres)
• Blackadar (1962) mixing length formulation
• Turbulent vertical diffusion parameter (Beta) = 0.85

model number: 14

• Parameter for Gravity Wave Drag = 1.2e-5 m-1, strong (McFarlane, 1987)
• Force-Restore type of land surface processes (Mailhot et al., 1987)
• Sundqvist et al. (1989) type of condensation (consun)
• Kain & Fritsch (1993) convective scheme
• Shallow convection simulated (conres & ktrsnt_mg)
• Bougeault & Lacarrère (1989) mixing length formulation
• Turbulent vertical diffusion parameter (Beta) = 1.0

model number: 15

• Parameter for Gravity Wave Drag = 4.0e-6 m-1, weak (McFarlane, 1987)
• ISBA type of land surface processes (Noilhan & Planton, 1989)
• Sundqvist et al. (1989) type of condensation (consun)
• Kuo-type convective scheme (kuosym, Wagneur 1991)
• Shallow convection simulated (turwet & ktrsnt_mg)
• Blackadar (1962) (1962) mixing length formulation
• Turbulent vertical diffusion parameter (Beta) = 1.0

model number: 16

• Parameter for Gravity Wave Drag = 1.2e-5 m-1, strong (McFarlane, 1987)
• ISBA type of land surface processes (Noilhan & Planton, 1989)
• Sundqvist et al. (1989) type of condensation (consun)
• Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert convective scheme (Moorthi & Suarez, 1992)
• Shallow convection simulated (conres)
• Bougeault & Lacarrère (1989) mixing length formulation
• Turbulent vertical diffusion parameter (Beta) = 0.85

model number: 17

• Parameter for Gravity Wave Drag = 4.0e-6 m-1, weak (McFarlane, 1987)
• Force-Restore type of land surface processes (Mailhot et al., 1987)
• Sundqvist et al. (1989) type of condensation (consun)
• Kuo-type convective scheme (kuosym, Wagneur, 1991)
• Shallow convection simulated (turwet & ktrsnt_mg)
• Bougeault & Lacarrère (1989) mixing length formulation
• Turbulent vertical diffusion parameter (Beta) = 1.0

model number: 18

• Parameter for Gravity Wave Drag = 1.2e-5 m-1, strong (McFarlane, 1987)
• ISBA type of land surface processes (Noilhan & Planton, 1989)
• Sundqvist et al. (1989) type of condensation (consun)
• Kain & Fritsch (1993) convective scheme
• Shallow convection simulated (conres & ktrsnt_mg)
• Blackadar (1962) mixing length formulation
• Turbulent vertical diffusion parameter (Beta) = 0.85

model number: 19

• Parameter for Gravity Wave Drag = 4.0e-6 m-1, weak (McFarlane, 1987)
• ISBA type of land surface processes (Noilhan & Planton, 1989)
• Sundqvist et al. (1989) type of condensation (newsund)
• Kuo-type convective scheme (oldkuo, Geleyn, 1985)
• Shallow convection simulated (conres)
• Bougeault & Lacarrère (1989) mixing length formulation
• Turbulent vertical diffusion parameter (Beta) = 0.85

model number: 20

• Parameter for Gravity Wave Drag = 1.2e-5 m-1, strong (McFarlane, 1987)
• Force-Restore type of land surface processes (Mailhot et al., 1987)
• Sundqvist et al. (1989) type of condensation (consun)
• Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert convective scheme (Moorthi & Suarez, 1992)
• Shallow convection simulated (conres)
• Blackadar (1962) mixing length formulation
• Turbulent vertical diffusion parameter (Beta) = 1.0

References

• Blackadar, A. K. 1962: The Vertical Distribution of Wind and Turbulent Exchange in a Neutral Atmosphere, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 67, No. 8, 1962, pp. 3095-3102.
• Bougeault, P. and P. Lacarrère, 1989: Parameterization of orography-induced turbulence in a meso-beta-scale model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1872?1890.
• Geleyn, J.-F. 1985: On a Simple, Parameter-Free Partition between Moistening and Precipitation in the Kuo Scheme., Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 405-407.
• Kain, J.S., and J.M. Fritsch, 1993: Convective parameterization for mesoscale models: The Kain- Fritsch scheme. The representation of cumulus convection in numerical models. Meteor. Monogr., No. 24, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 165-170.
• Mailhot, J. R. Sarrazin, B. Bilodeau, N. Brunet, and G. Pellerin, 1997: Development of the 35-km version of the Canadian regional forecast system. Atmos-ocean, 35, 1-28
• McFarlane, N.A., 1987: The effect of orographically excited gravity-wave drag on the general circulation of the lower stratosphere and troposphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 1775-1800.
• Moorthi, S. and M. Suarez. 1992: Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert: A Parameterization of Moist Convection for General Circulation Models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 978-1002.
• Noilhan, J. and  S. Planton 1989 : A simple parameterization of land surface processes for meteorological models, Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 536-549.
• Shutts, G. 2005: A kinetic energy backscatter algorithm for use in ensemble prediction systems, Q.J.R.Meteorol. Soc. 131, 3079-310
• Sundqvist, H., E. Berge and J.E. Kristjansson, 1989: Condensation and cloud parameterization studies with a mesoscale numerical weather prediction model. Mon Wea Rev, 117, 1641--1657.
• Wagneur, N., 1991: Une évaluation des schémas de type Kuo pour le paramétrage de la convection, Msc Thesis, UQAM, 76 pp.